La Defensa Pasiva y su división médica de emergencia / Passive Defense and its emergency medical division / Passive Defence e sua divisão médica de emergência

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial el gobierno de Uruguay intentó prepararse para una eventual defensa militar del territorio y la defensa de la población civil en caso de sufrir ataques aéreos. La Defensa Pasiva, fue la estructura gubernamental que junto a la voluntad en todas las clases sociales, funcionó en todo el territorio nacional con la finalidad de proteger a la población civil de los ataques aéreos y guerra química, generando un espíritu de solidaridad a través de su División Médica de Emergencia.

During the Second World War, the government of Uruguay tried to prepare for an eventual military defense of the territory and the defense of the civilian population in case of air raids. The Passive Defense was the governmental structure that, together with the will of every social class, operated throughout the national territory with the purpose of protecting the civilian population from air raids and chemical weapons, generating a spirit of solidarity through its Emergency Medical Division.

Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o governo uruguaio tentou se preparar para uma eventual defesa militar do território e para a defesa da população civil em caso de ataques aéreos. A Defesa Passiva era a estrutura governamental que, juntamente com a vontade de todas as classes sociais, operava em todo o território nacional com o objetivo de proteger a população civil de ataques aéreos e da guerra química, gerando um espírito de solidariedade por meio de sua Divisão Médica de Emergência.

George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirurgião americano / George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirujano estadounidense / George W. Crile (1864-1943); exceptional American surgeon

George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirurgião americano, que serviu no Corpo Médico do Exército durante a Guerra Hispano-Americana. Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, foi diretor cirúrgico do American Ambulance Hospital em Neuilly, na França. Ajudou fundar o American College of Surgeons em 1913, foi membro e diretor não apenas dessa organização, mas também da American Medical Association, da American Surgical Association, da Royal Academy of Surgeons e da Royal Academy of Medicine (Reino Unido). Em 1921, foi cofundador da Cleveland Clinic em Cleveland, Ohio, EUA. Foi um importante médico cujas pesquisas e escritos incluíam choque cirúrgico, função glandular, pressão arterial e transfusões, neurose de guerra e os efeitos da cirurgia em tempos de guerra. Ele também foi um cirurgião extraordinário e prolífico que introduziu inovações no tratamento cirúrgico de muitas patologias. Embora sua pesquisa tenha sido publicada há muito tempo, suas contribuições para a medicina continuam sendo fundamentais para a prática clínica nas salas de cirurgia e unidades de terapia intensiva atuais.

George W. Crile (1864-1943) fue un excepcional cirujano estadounidense que sirvió en el Cuerpo Médico del Ejército durante la Guerra Hispanoamericana. Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial fue director quirúrgico del American Ambulance Hospital de Neuilly (Francia). Ayudó a fundar el Colegio Americano de Cirujanos en 1913 y fue miembro y director no sólo de esta organización, sino también de la Asociación Médica Americana, la Asociación Quirúrgica Americana, la Real Academia de Cirujanos y la Real Academia de Medicina (Reino Unido). En 1921 fue cofundador de la Cleveland Clinic de Cleveland (Ohio, EE.UU.). Fue un importante médico cuyas investigaciones y escritos abarcaron el shock quirúrgico, la función glandular, la presión arterial y las transfusiones, la neurosis de guerra y los efectos de la cirugía en tiempos de guerra. También fue un cirujano extraordinario y prolífico que introdujo innovaciones en el tratamiento quirúrgico de muchas patologías. Aunque sus investigaciones se publicaron hace mucho tiempo, sus aportaciones a la medicina siguen siendo fundamentales para la práctica clínica en los quirófanos y unidades de cuidados intensivos actuales.

George W. Crile (1864-1943) was an exceptional American surgeon who served in the Army Medical Corps during the Spanish-American War. During the First World War, he was surgical director of the American Ambulance Hospital in Neuilly, France. He helped found the American College of Surgeons in 1913 and was a member and director not only of this organization, but also of the American Medical Association, the American Surgical Association, the Royal Academy of Surgeons and the Royal Academy of Medicine (UK). In 1921, he co-founded the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. He was an important physician whose research and writings included surgical shock, glandular function, blood pressure and transfusions, war neurosis and the effects of wartime surgery. He was also an extraordinary and prolific surgeon who introduced innovations in the surgical treatment of many pathologies. Although his research was published long ago, his contributions to medicine remain fundamental to clinical practice in today's operating rooms and intensive care units.

Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, 39 años formando médicos militares / University of Medical Sciences of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, 39 years training military doctors

El 7 de octubre de 1981, por el acuerdo No. 1074 del Comité Ejecutivo del Consejo de Ministros, se creó el Instituto Superior de Medicina Militar, hoy Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, como centro de educación superior, adscrito al Ministerio de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias. Constituye la única institución docente de nivel superior de su tipo en el Cuba, para la formación de médicos militares, estomatólogos, enfermeros y tecnólogos de la salud. Las vías de ingreso a la universidad, son los alumnos egresados de las escuelas militares Camilo Cienfuegos y del servicio militar. La universidad arriba a su 39 aniversario, con satisfacción y logros en las ciencias médicas, pedagógicas y de la educación médica. Tiene un claustro de profesores, que responde a las exigencias y necesidades de la educación superior cubana, la salud pública y el Ministerio de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias. Dentro de los profesores, es un honor contar varios que ostentan la Orden Carlos J. Finlay, por sus aportes a la ciencia; con miembros del contingente Henry Reeve, que han trabajado y trabajan en varias partes del mundo; así como poseedores de la Distinción por la Educación Cubana...(AU)

Pedro Mallo (1837-1899). A ciento veinte años de su desaparición física / Pedro Mallo (1837-1899). This work aims to commemorate the 120 years since his death

Este trabajo científico conmemora al Dr. Pedro Mallo a ciento veinte años de su muerte. Fue un médico militar dinámico e innovador, docente y destacado historiador de la medicina. Realizó importantes contribuciones en el campo de la sanidad militar. (AU)

This work aims to commemorate Dr. Pedro Mallo to his 120 years of his death. He was a clinician, military doctor dynamic and innovative, prominent historian of medicine, teacher. He made contributions in field of military health. (AU)

France's "année terrible" of the Franco-Prussian War and Paris Commune, 150 years ago, and some remarkable neurologists at the time

Franco-Prussian War started 150 years ago, and it was a short but a tragic turning point to France as a whole, but also a challenging moment for medicine and some outstanding French neurologists. Besides, a new continental European power emerged, consolidating German as a united state. Two Parisian sieges at this time, from the Prussian and that related to the Communards, struggled the Parisian health status. In Medicine, the wounded and diseased health care disorganized logistics were carried out through the military, municipal and civil health services subdivided into mobile ambulances and fixed hospitals. The novel Cross Red ambulances took part. Moreover, anesthesia and antiseptic surgery were applied, but they were in their beginnings. The Faculty of Medicine of Paris physicians were charged with the subsidiary health care of the population, among them Jean-Martin Charcot. Some of them added to the patient care the meetings at the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine. Many outstanding neurologists participated at this task force besides Charcot, such as Charles Lasègue, Edmé Felix Alfred Vulpian, Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, AlixJoffroy, Fulgence Raymond, Jules Joseph Déjerine and Henri Duret

A guerra franco-prussiana começou há 150 anos e foi um período curto, mas trágico, para a França como um todo, mas também um momento desafiador para a medicina e alguns neurologistas franceses de destaque. Além disso, uma nova potência da Europa continental emergiu, consolidando a Alemanha como um estado unido. Dois cercos parisienses naquela época, dos prussianos e o relacionado aos "communards", lutavam contra o estado de saúde parisiense. Em Medicina, a logística desorganizada dos serviços de saúde, de cuidados aos feridos e doentes, foi realizada através dos serviços de saúde militar, municipal e civil subdivididos em ambulâncias móveis e hospitais fixos. As novas ambulâncias da Cruz Vermelha participaram. Além disso, anestesia e cirurgia anti-séptica foram aplicadas, mas estavam no início. Os médicos da Faculdade de Medicina de Paris foram encarregados dos cuidados subsidiários de saúde da população, entre eles Jean-Martin Charcot. Alguns deles acrescentaram ao atendimento aos pacientes, as reuniões da Academia de Ciências e da Academia de Medicina. Muitos neurologistas de destaque participaram dessa força-tarefa além de Charcot, como Charles Lasègue, Edmé Felix Alfred Vulpian, Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, AlixJoffroy, Fulgence Raymond, Jules Joseph Déjerine e Henri Duret

Génesis de la sanidad militar y el primer médico militar en Cuba / Genesis of military health and the first military doctor in Cuba

Introducción: al cesar la dominación española en Cuba y establecerse la República comenzó la creación de las instituciones que la formarían. Surgen los cuerpos armados como una necesidad para cuidar el orden interior y la seguridad de la nación. Objetivo: exponer algunos rasgos de la sanidad militar en su periodo fundacional y ahondar en datos biográficos de su primer integrante, iniciador de esta etapa de la medicina militar cubana. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, se empleó el método historiográfico analítico - sintético, se constataron los datos sobre el origen y evolución de la sanidad militar en Cuba. Desarrollo: el doctor Jorge Vega Lamar, con el grado de capitán, fue el primer médico de la sanidad militar. Con anterioridad cumplió deberes patrióticos en la Guerra de 1895. Como médico integró expediciones armadas y el cuerpo de sanidad militar del Ejército Libertador, alcanzando por sus méritos el grado de Teniente Coronel. Conclusiones: los resultados contribuyen a enriquecer la historiografía de la medicina militar(AU)

Introduction: When the Spanish domination in Cuba ceased and the Republic was established, the creation of the institutions that would form it began. Armed bodies emerge as a need to take care of the internal order and the security of the nation. Objective: To set out some features of the military health in its foundational period and delve into biographical data of its first member, initiator of this stage of Cuban military medicine. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out, the analytical - synthetic historiographic method was used, data on the origin and evolution of military health in Cuba were verified. Body: Doctor Jorge Vega Lamar, with the rank of captain, was the first doctor of military health. Previously, he fulfilled patriotic duties in the War of 1895. As a physician he integrated armed expeditions and the military health corps of the Liberation Army, reaching by his merits the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Conclusions: the results contribute to enrich the historiography of military medicine(AU)

Innovación tecnológica y humanitarismo en el traslado de heridos de guerra: el informe de Nicasio Landa sobre un nuevo sistema de suspensión elástica de camillas (Pamplona, 29 mayo 1875) / Technological innovation and humanitarianism in the transport of war wounded: Nicasio Landa’ s report on a new elastic suspension system for stretchers (Pamplona, May 29, 1875)

Resumen En mayo de 1875, en medio de una sangrienta contienda civil en España conocida como Tercera Guerra Carlista, Nicasio Landa, oficial médico de Sanidad Militar redactó un informe demandando autorización a sus superiores para que Cruz Roja Española, de la que era inspector general, pudiera adoptar un nuevo sistema de suspensión elástica para camillas que había diseñado, desarrollado y probado. Destinado ante todo a carretas de labranza – el medio de transporte de heridos aún más frecuente entonces – se presentaba como un mecanismo económico y resistente para mejorar el confort de los trasladados, que podía también instalarse en carruajes de ambulancia, vagones de ferrocarril y buques-hospitales. Se publica una edición anotada del informe precedida de una presentación del mismo.

Abstract In May 1875, in the midst of a bloody civil conflict in Spain known as the Third Carlist War, Nicasio Landa, a medical officer with Military Health, wrote a report requesting authorization for the Spanish Red Cross, of which he was Inspector General, to adopt a new elastic suspension system for stretchers that he had designed, developed and tested. Intended above all for use in farm wagons – still the most widely-used method of transporting the wounded at the time – it was an inexpensive, sturdy mechanism that improved patient comfort and could also be installed in ambulance carriages, railway carriages and hospital ships. An annotated version of the report is included, preceded by a presentation of its contents.

Comunicación científica e innovación tecnológica en la primera Cruz Roja, 1863-1876 / Scientific communication and technological innovation in the first Red Cross, 1863-1876

Resumen Los primeros años del movimiento internacional de Cruz Roja coincidieron con grandes cambios tecnológicos en la medicina de guerra. Las peculiaridades organizativas de la Asociación Internacional de Socorro a los Soldados Heridos en Campaña, impulsada por el Comité de Ginebra y los comités nacionales de Cruz Roja; la confluencia en diversos congresos profesionales y publicaciones de médicos de las diferentes sociedades nacionales de esta asociación; y la construcción de un conocimiento práctico compartido, puesto a prueba en la Guerra Franco-Prusiana (1870-1871), proporcionan claves para comprender las innovaciones tecnológicas introducidas por la Cruz Roja Española durante la tercera y última Guerra Carlista (1872-1876).

Abstract The early years of the international Red Cross movement coincided with great technological changes in war medicine. The organizational peculiarities of the International Association for Relief of Wounded Soldiers in Campaign, set up by the Geneva Committee, and by the Red-Cross’ national committees; the convergence in various professional conferences and publications of doctors from different national societies of this association; and the construction of a body of shared practical expertise tested during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) provide keys for understanding the technological innovations introduced by the Spanish Red Cross during the third and last Carlist War (1872-1876).

El coronel José Lázaro Martín Marrero y su nexo con la medicina militar cubana / Colonel José Lázaro Martín Marrero and his link in Cuban military medicine

Los orígenes de la medicina militar cubana se remontan a la incipiente participación de los médicos en las luchas por la independencia del colonialismo español. Una vez instaurada la República, algunos médicos del Ejército Libertador integraron los primeros núcleos de lo que sería el esbozo inicial de la sanidad militar de las fuerzas armadas en su etapa fundacional, con lo cual contribuyeron a su posterior desenvolvimiento. Para ampliar y profundizar en este tema, se presentan los resultados de una revisión bibliográfica dirigida al estudio de una de las personalidades de nuestra medicina militar. Se trata del coronel médico José Lázaro Martín Marrero, quien tuvo un papel relevante en la sanidad militar durante la guerra de independencia y más tarde participó en sucesos significativos vinculados con el ulterior desarrollo de la medicina militar en Cuba. Los resultados del presente trabajo permiten señalarlo como un nexo que relacionó diferentes generaciones de médicos militares(AU)

The origins of the Cuban military medicine are found in the early participation of the physicians in the fights by the independence from the Spanish colonialism. Once the Republic was established, some doctors of the Liberating Army integrated the first nuclei of what would be the initial draft of military health of the armed forces in its founding stage, which contributed to its subsequent development. To expand and deepen this topic, we present the results of a bibliographic review aimed at the study of one of the personalities of our military medicine. This is the doctor Colonel Jose Lazaro Martin Marrero, who played an important role in military health during the war of independence and later participated in significant events related to the further development of military medicine in Cuba. The results of the present study allow to point him out as a nexus that related different generations of military doctors(AU)

Del Behique al médico militar / From Behique to Militar Phsician

La historia de la medicina cubana ha transitado por diferentes etapas y ha tenido sus orígenes en el hechicero-curandero, también llamado Behique, quien fue el iniciador de los procederes terapéuticos en las luchas de los aborígenes contra el invasor. Esta actividad se desarrolló en condiciones difíciles por los médicos que participaron en las guerras independentistas como integrantes de la sanidad militar mambisa. Esta tradición también estuvo presente en los galenos del ejército rebelde y al triunfar la revolución en 1959 se incrementó con la formación de los que ejercen esta profesión en la esfera militar, utilizando además los adelantos científicos-tecnológicos en el campo de la medicina. Se pretende hacer un recorrido por la historia de la formación del profesional de salud que participó en los conflictos bélicos desde el origen de los Behiques hasta los momentos actuales(AU)

The history of Cuban medicine has traveled through different stages and its origins are sorcerer-healer, also called behique, who was the initiator of the therapeutic procedures in the aboriginal struggles against the invader. This activity was developed under difficult conditions by doctors who participated in the wars of independence as members of the mambí military health corp. This tradition was also present in the doctors of the rebel army. When the Revolution triumphed in 1959, this practice of training increased for those in the military sphere, also using scientific and technological advances in the field of medicine. It is intended to make a journey through history of the health professional formation who participated in the warlike conflicts since its original behique to the present times(AU)

“ Doentes e incapazes para marchar”: vida e morte no exército da Companhia Neerlandesa das Índias Ocidentais no Nordeste do Brasil, 1630-1654 / “ Sick and unable to march: ” life and death in the army of the Dutch West India Company in the Northeast of Brazil, 1630-1654

Dos diversos males que infligiram o exército da Companhia das Índias Ocidentais em seus anos de atividade no Brasil, poucos podem ser comparados às doenças. São escassos, todavia, os dados quantitativos apresentados na historiografia para mostrar seu impacto nas tropas. Além dos índices de baixas por doença que ceifavam muitos militares, sabe-se pouco sobre os tratamentos médicos oferecidos, as principais doenças que atingiam a tropa e suas causas. Este artigo traz elementos que ajudam a compreender aspectos pouco trabalhados em termos quantitativos e sistemáticos pela historiografia e demonstra como as doenças afligiam a companhia e embaraçavam suas ações no território.

Of the many evils that were inflicted upon the army of the West India Company in its years of activity in Brazil, few could be compared to diseases. However, there is little quantitative data in the field of historiography regarding the impact of disease on these troops. Apart from the limited amount of information about the diseases that affected many soldiers, little is known about the medical treatments that were available, the main diseases that affected the troops, and what were the causes. This article provides information to understand aspects that have been little studied in quantitative and systematic terms in the field of historiography, and demonstrates how the diseases afflicted the Company and affected its actions in the territory.

Luis Díaz Soto, hombre de ciencia y conciencia, en el aniversario 110 de su natalicio / Luis Díaz Soto, a man of science and conscience, on his 110th Anniversary

En el aniversario 110 del natalicio de Luis Díaz Soto (1904-1958), como testimonio de admiración y respeto a su memoria, se ofrece una reseña de la breve y fecunda vida de este médico. Fue fundador del Centro Benéfico Jurídico de los Trabajadores de Cuba y uno de los mejores directores de hospitales que ha tenido Cuba. Integró las filas del Partido Socialista Popular desde muy joven. Participó junto al pueblo español en su lucha por la libertad, durante la guerra civil de 1936-1939, en la que alcanzó el grado de Capitán del Ejército Republicano en la Brigada Internacional "Abraham Lincoln”. Su actitud comprometida con la Patria, así como con la libertad y la justicia social, ha servido de paradigma a generaciones de jóvenes, especialmente a los médicos militares, quienes han imitado su ejemplo y perpetuado su nombre en el Hospital Militar Central “Dr. Luis Díaz Soto” ubicado en el municipio Habana del Este.

An overview of the brief and fruitful life of Luis Díaz Soto (1904-1958), is provides on the 110th anniversary of his birth, as a testimony of admiration and respect for his memory. He founded the Charity Law Center of Cuban Workers and he was one of the best hospital directors in Cuba. He joined the ranks of the Popular Socialist Party when he was very young. He participated with the Spanish people in their struggle for freedom during civil war (1936-1939), where he attained the rank of Captain of the Republican Army in the Abraham Lincoln International Brigade. His commitment to his country, as well as freedom and social justice attitude, he has served as paradigm to young generations, especially military doctors, who have imitated his example and perpetuated his name at Central Military Hospital located in the municipality of Habana del Este.

U.S. Military Administration's Malaria Control Activities (1945-1948) / 의사학

To prevent and control infectious diseases was one of the major concerns of U.S. military government when they stationed in Korea in 1945. It was because the spread of various infectious diseases can cause social unrest and they can also affect the U.S. military. Malaria was one of the most important infectious diseases to which the U.S. military had been paying special attention. The U.S. military received a severe damage during the Pacific war with Japan due to malaria. It was said that more soldiers were lost by malaria than by battle itself. The bitter experience they had during the war made them accumulate more systematic and practical knowledge against malaria. As a result, by the end of the war, the U.S. military could run more than hundreds of units specialized in controlling malaria. Thanks to such a preparation, they could immediately begin their anti-malaria activities in Korea soon after the World War II. Although the vivax malaria, which is the dominant type in Korea, is not as much a fatal type as that in the Pacific areas, it was damaging enough to the infected. The 207th Malaria Survey Detachment carried out collecting and identifying the kinds of mosquitos in Korea. In addition, they also surveyed the prevalence of malaria among school children in Seoul. In terms of controlling malaria, DDT played a decisive role. Vector control is the most effective and ideal measurements against malaria. Before the development of DDT, it was practically impossible to eradicate mosquitos which arise from extremely broad areas. However, DDT could not be used as it had been expected in the rural area, because spraying DDT in the rice paddies which is the breeding place of mosquitos kills rice. Despite such a limitation in anti-malaria activities of the US military government, it should be noted that a significant turn in controlling malaria was possible thanks to the development of DDT.